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USO CEREMONIAL DEL TABACO EN LOS ANDES: IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DEL TABAQUISMO EN JÓVENES INDÍGENAS
Resumen
El rol del consumo de cigarrillos en jóvenes indígenas de América Latina no ha sido bien estudiado. Nuestro objetivo fue el de conocer las creencias de jóvenes andinos sobre el uso ceremonial del tabaco, y discutir las aplicaciones potenciales de estos hallazgos en intervenciones para la prevención del tabaquismo. El estudio se realizó en la Provincia de Jujuy, Argentina con 202 jóvenes de ambos géneros entre 10 y 20 años de edad que vivían en áreas rurales y urbanas. Se aplicaron entrevistas cualitativas solicitando a los jóvenes que se concentraran en experiencias tangibles referidas a su participación en el ritual de la Pachamama o Madre Tierra. De esta manera pudimos tener acceso a los significados que los jóvenes atribuían a esta ceremonia, y relacionarlos con elementos de la cosmovisión andina. Conceptos como la reciprocidad, la unidad de elementos materiales y espirituales, y la complementación de fuerzas opuestas fueron identificados en los relatos de los jóvenes. Identificamos tres dominios de interés para entender los comportamientos asociados al consumo de cigarrillo en el contexto ritual: a) mecanismos de producción de creencias y normas; b) las bases conceptuales de creencias y normas; y c) formas de comportamiento resultantes de las creencias y normas. Las intervenciones de prevención de tabaquismo basadas en la solidaridad, reciprocidad, y modos no racionales de aprender podrían mejorar la
efectividad de las actuales estrategias para generar comportamientos saludables. La metodología usada en este estudio puede ser útil en estudios culturales que examinen comportamientos de salud en poblaciones indígenas.
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